-
1 out-of-date check
Fina check which has not been presented to the bank on which it is drawn for payment within a reasonable time of its date (six months in the U.K.) and which may therefore be dishonored by the bank without any breach of the banker–customer contract -
2 dans
dans [dɑ̃]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. (lieu: position) inb. (lieu: mouvement) intoc. (lieu: origine) out of• dans combien de temps serez-vous prêt ? how long will it be before you are ready?e. ( = dans des limites de) within• cela coûte dans les 50 € it costs about 50 euros• cette pièce fait dans les 8 m2 this room is about 8m2* * *dɑ̃Note: GénéralitésLa préposition dans est présentée ici dans ses grandes lignes. Les expressions courantes comme dans l'abondance, dans le genre, être dans le pétrin etc sont traitées respectivement dans les articles abondance, genre, pétrin etcOn trouvera ci-dessous des exemples illustrant les principales utilisations de la préposition mais il sera toujours prudent de consulter l'entrée du nom introduit par dansPar ailleurs, la consultation des notes d'usage dont la liste est donnée pourra apporter des réponses à certains problèmes bien précis1) (lieu, sans déplacement) indans un avion/bus — on a plane/bus
dans une voiture/un taxi — in a car/a taxi
qu'est-ce que je fais dans tout ça? — (colloq) what am I doing in all this?
3) ( temps)finir quelque chose dans les temps — (colloq) to finish something in time
4) ( domaine) in5) ( état)dans la misère/le silence — in poverty/silence
6) ( but)7) ( approximation) about* * *dɑ̃ prép1) (position) in, (à l'intérieur de) inC'est dans le tiroir. — It's in the drawer.
C'est dans la boîte. — It's in the box., It's inside the box.
C'est dans le salon. — It's in the lounge.
Il est dans sa chambre. — He's in his bedroom.
Je l'ai lu dans le journal. — I read it in the newspaper.
2) (direction) intoElle a couru dans le salon. — She ran into the lounge.
Il est entré dans mon bureau. — He came into my office.
Remets-le dans son coffret. — Put it back in its case.
3) (provenance) out of, fromJe l'ai pris dans le tiroir. — I took it out of the drawer., I took it from the drawer.
Je l'ai pris dans le salon. — I took it out of the lounge.
boire dans un verre — to drink out of a glass, to drink from a glass
On a bu dans des verres en plastique. — We drank out of plastic glasses.
4) (= parmi) amongIl est dans les meilleurs. — He's among the best., He's one of the best.
5) (temps) indans 2 mois — in 2 months, in 2 months' time
6) (approximation) aboutÇa va chercher dans les 20 euros. — It's about 20 euros.
* * *❢ La préposition dans est présentée ici dans ses grandes lignes. Les expressions courantes comme dans la pénombre, dans le monde entier, être dans le pétrin etc sont traitées respectivement dans les articles pénombre, monde, pétrin etc. On trouvera ci-dessous des exemples illustrant les principales utilisations de la préposition mais il sera toujours prudent de consulter l'entrée du nom introduit par dans. Par ailleurs, la consultation des notes d'usage pourra apporter des réponses à certains problèmes bien précis.prép1 (lieu, sans déplacement) être dans la cuisine/le tiroir/la forêt to be in the kitchen/the drawer/the forest; dans cette histoire/son discours/cette affaire fig in this story/his speech/this business; être dans le brouillard/l'eau to be in the fog/the water; dans cette région/ville in this region/town; être dans un avion/train/bus/bateau to be on a plane/train/bus/boat; être dans une voiture/un taxi to be in a car/a taxi; il y a des fleurs dans le vase there are some flowers in the vase; le paquet est dans le placard/la chambre the parcel is in the cupboard/the bedroom; l'histoire se passe dans un train/dans un pays lointain the story takes place on a train/in a distant country; il est en vacances dans le Cantal/les Alpes he's on vacation in the Cantal/the Alps; j'ai lu ça dans Proust/un magazine I read that in Proust/a magazine; boire dans un verre to drink out of a glass; fouiller dans un tiroir to rummage through a drawer ; prendre une casserole dans un placard to take a pan out of a cupboard; vider qch dans l'évier to pour sth down the sink; qu'est-ce que je fais dans tout ça○? what am I doing in all this?; ce n'est pas dans ton intérêt it's not in your interest; dans l'ensemble by and large; dans le fond in fact;2 ( avec des verbes de mouvement) aller dans la cuisine/le grenier to go to the kitchen/the attic; entrer dans une pièce to go into a room; voler dans les airs to fly in the air; descendre dans un puits to go down a well; monter dans un avion to get on a plane;3 ( temps) dans ma jeunesse/leur adolescence/le futur in my youth/their adolescence/the future; dans deux heures/jours/ans in two hours/days/years; je t'appellerai dans la journée I'll call you during the day; dans l'immédiat for the time being; dans la minute qui a suivi the next moment; dans l'heure qui suivit within the hour; finir qch dans les temps○ to finish sth in time;4 ( domaine) être dans les affaires/l'édition/la restauration to be in business/publishing/the catering business;5 ( état) dans la misère/le silence in poverty/silence;6 ( but) dans un esprit de vengeance in a spirit of revenge; dans l'espoir de in the hope of; dans l'intention de faire with the intention of doing; dans cette optique from this perspective;7 ( approximation) about, around; dans les 30 euros/20%/50 ans about ou around 30 euros/20%/50 years old; ça coûte dans les 1 000 euros it costs about ou around 1,000 euros.[dɑ̃] préposition1. [dans le temps - généralement] in ; [ - insistant sur la durée] during ; [ - dans le futur] in ; [ - indiquant un délai] withindans son enfance in ou during her childhood, when she was a childc'était à la mode dans les années 50 it was fashionable in ou during the 50'sdans dix ans, on ne parlera plus de son livre in ten years ou years' time, his book will be forgottenvous serez livré dans la semaine you'll get the delivery within the week ou some time this weekils ont cherché partout dans la maison they looked through the whole house, they looked everywhere in the housea. [wagon] on the undergroundb. [couloirs] in the undergrounddans le train/l'avion on the train/the planemonte dans la voiture get in ou into the carpartout dans le monde all over the world, the world overje suis bien dans ces chaussures I feel comfortable in these shoes, these shoes are comfortableils se sont couchés dans l'herbe they lay down in ou on the grassdans la brume/pénombre in the mist/darkboire dans un verre to drink out of ou from a glass4. [à travers] through5. [indiquant l'appartenance à un groupe]dans l'enseignement in ou within the teaching professionil est dans mon équipe he's on ou in my team6. [indiquant la manière, l'état]je ne suis pas dans le secret I haven't been let in on ou I'm not in on the secretdans le but de in order to, with the aim ofun contrat rédigé dans les formes légales a contract drawn out ou up in legal terms7. [indiquant une approximation] -
3 traho
trăho, xi, ctum, 3 ( inf. perf. sync. traxe, Verg. A. 5, 786), v. a. [cf. Sanscr. trankh, trakh, to move; Gr. trechô, to run], to draw, drag, or haul, to drag along; to draw off, forth, or away, etc. (syn.: tracto, rapio, rapto, duco).I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.Amphitruonem collo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 72:cum a custodibus in fugā trinis catenis vinctus traheretur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53:trahebatur passis Priameïa virgo Crinibus a templo Cassandra,
Verg. A. 2, 403:corpus tractum et laniatum abjecit in mare,
Cic. Phil. 11, 2, 5:materiam (malagmata),
Cels. 4, 7:bilem,
Plin. 25, 5, 22, § 54:vapor porro trahit aëra secum,
Lucr. 3, 233:limum harenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt,
Sall. J. 78, 3: Charybdis naves ad litora trahit, id. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 3, 425; cf.:Scyllam naves in saxa trahentem, Verg. l. l.: (haematiten) trahere in se argentum, aes, ferrum,
Plin. 36, 20, 38, § 146: Gy. Amiculum hoc sustolle saltem. Si. Sine trahi, cum egomet trahor, let it drag or trail, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 117; cf.:tragula ab eo, quod trahitur per terram,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 139 Müll.:sarcinas,
Sen. Ep. 44, 6:vestem per pulpita,
Hor. A. P. 215:plaustra per altos montes cervice (boves),
Verg. G. 3, 536:siccas machinae carinas,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 2:genua aegra,
Verg. A. 5, 468:trahantur per me pedibus omnes rei,
Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2; cf.:aliquem ad praetorem,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 45:praecipitem in pistrinum,
id. Ps. 1, 5, 79:Hectorem circum sua Pergama,
to drag, trail, Ov. M. 12, 591. —Of a train of soldiers, attendants, etc.: Scipio gravem jam spoliis multarum urbium exercitum trahens,
Liv. 30, 9, 10:ingentem secum occurrentium prosequentiumque trahentes turbam,
id. 45, 2, 3; 6, 3, 4; cf.:sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotem Ipse trahit,
Verg. A. 2, 321:secum legionem,
Val. Max. 3, 2, 20:feminae pleraeque parvos trahentes liberos, ibant,
Curt. 3, 13, 12; 5, 5, 15:uxor, quam comitem trahebat,
id. 8, 3, 2:folium secum,
Val. Max. 4, 3, 12:cum privato comitatu quem semper secum trahere moris fuit,
Vell. 2, 40, 3:magnam manum Thracum secum,
id. 2, 112, 4.—In partic.1.To draw out, pull out, extract, withdraw:2.trahens haerentia viscere tela,
drawing out, extracting, Ov. M. 6, 290:ferrum e vulnere,
id. ib. 4, 120:e corpore ferrum,
id. F. 5, 399:de corpore telum,
id. M. 5, 95; cf.:gladium de visceribus,
Mart. 1, 14, 2:manu lignum,
Ov. M. 12, 371; cf.:te quoque, Luna, traho (i. e. de caelo),
draw down, id. ib. 7, 207:captum Jovem Caelo trahit,
Sen. Oct. 810. —To draw together, bring together, contract, wrinkle:3.at coria et carnem trahit et conducit in unum,
Lucr. 6, 968:in manibus vero nervi trahere,
id. 6, 1190:vultum rugasque coëgit,
Ov. Am. 2, 2, 33.—Of fluids, etc., to draw in, take in, quaff; draw, draw up: si pocula arente fauce traxerim, had drawn in, i. e. quaffed, Hor. Epod. 14, 4; cf. Ov. M. 15, 330:4.aquas,
Luc. 7, 822:venena ore,
id. 9, 934:ubera,
id. 3, 351 al.:ex puteis jugibus aquam calidam trahi (videmus),
Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 25: navigium aquam trahit, draws or lets in water, leaks, Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 5; cf.:sanguinem jumento de cervice,
to draw, let, Veg. Vet. 3, 43.—Of smelling:odorem naribus,
Phaedr. 3, 1, 4.—Of drawing in the breath, inhaling:auras ore,
Ov. M. 2, 230:animam,
Plin. 11, 3, 2, § 6; cf.:Servilius exiguā in spe trahebat animam,
Liv. 3, 6, 8:spiritum,
to draw breath, Col. 6, 9, 3; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 4; Cels. 4, 4; Curt. 3, 6, 10: spiritum extremum, [p. 1886] Phaedr. 1, 21, 4:penitus suspiria,
to heave sighs, to sigh, Ov. M. 2, 753:vocem imo a pectore,
Verg. A. 1, 371.—To take on, assume, acquire, get:5.Iris Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,
Verg. A. 4, 701:squamam cutis durata trahebat,
Ov. M. 3, 675:colorem,
id. ib. 2, 236;14, 393: ruborem,
id. ib. 3, 482;10, 595: calorem,
id. ib. 11, 305:lapidis figuram,
id. ib. 3, 399:maturitatem,
Col. 1, 6, 20:sucum,
id. 11, 3, 60:robiginem,
Plin. 36, 18, 30, § 136. —To drag away violently, to carry off, plunder, = agein kai pherein:6.cetera rape, trahe,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 12:rapere omnes, trahere,
Sall. C. 11, 4:quibus non humana ulla neque divina obstant, quin... in opes potentisque trahant exscindant,
id. H. 4, 61, 17 Dietsch:sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,
id. J. 41, 5:de aliquo trahere spolia,
Cic. Balb. 23, 54:praedam ex agris,
Liv. 25, 14, 11:tantum jam praedae hostes trahere, ut, etc.,
id. 10, 20, 3; cf.:pastor cum traheret per freta navibus Idaeis Helenen,
Hor. C. 1, 15, 1.—Trahere pecuniam (for distrahere), to make away with, to dissipate, squander:7.omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant,
Sall. C. 20, 12.—Of drugs, etc., to purge, rcmove, clear away:8.bilem ex alvo,
Plin. 25, 5, 22, § 54; 26, 8, 42, § 69:pituitam,
id. 21, 23, 94, § 166:cruditates, pituitas, bilem,
id. 32, 9, 31, § 95.—Trahere lanam, vellera, etc., to draw out lengthwise, i. e. to spin, manufacture: manibus trahere lanam, Varr. ap. Non. 545, 12:II.lanam,
Juv. 2, 54:vellera digitis,
Ov. M. 14, 265:data pensa,
id. ib. 13, 511; id. H. 3, 75:Laconicas purpuras,
Hor. C. 2, 18, 8.—Trop.,A.In gen.1.To draw, draw along; to attract, allure, influence, etc.:2.trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloriā ducitur,
Cic. Arch. 11, 26; cf.:omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,
id. Off. 1, 6, 18:allicere delectatione et viribus trahere,
Quint. 5, 14, 29:trahit sua quemque voluptas,
Verg. E. 2, 65: aliquem in aliam partem, to bring or gain over, Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2; so,Drusum in partes,
Tac. A. 4, 60:civitatem ad regem,
Liv. 42, 44, 3:aliquem in suam sententiam,
id. 5, 25, 1; cf.also: rem ad Poenos,
id. 24, 2, 8; 23, 8, 2:res ad Philippum,
id. 32, 19, 2:ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret,
draw off, divert, Sall. C. 7, 7.—To drag, lead, bring:3.plures secum in eandem calamitatem,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:Lucanos ad defectionem,
Liv. 25, 16, 6:quo fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur,
Verg. A. 5, 709: ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt, Cleanth. ap. Sen. Ep. 107, 11.—To draw to, i. e. appropriate, refer, ascribe, set down to, etc.:4.atque egomet me adeo cum illis una ibidem traho,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 166: St. Quid quod dedisti scortis? Le. Ibidem una traho, id. ib. 2, 4, 10:hi numero avium regnum trahebant,
drew to their side, laid claim to, claimed, Liv. 1, 7, 1; cf.:qui captae decus Nolae ad consulem trahunt,
id. 9, 28, 6:omnia non bene consulta in virtutem trahebantur,
were set down to, referred, attributed, Sall. J. 92, 2:ornatum ipsius (ducis) in superbiam,
Tac. H. 2, 20:cuncta Germanici in deterius,
id. A. 1, 62 fin.:fortuita ad culpam,
id. ib. 4, 64:id ad clementiam,
id. ib. 12, 52; cf.:aliquid in religionem,
Liv. 5, 23, 6:cur abstinuerit spectaculo ipse, varie trahebant,
Tac. A. 1, 76 fin.:in se crimen,
Ov. M. 10, 68:spinas Traxit in exemplum,
adopted, id. ib. 8, 245. —To drag, distract, etc.:5.quae meum animum divorse trahunt,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:trahi in aliam partem mente atque animo,
Caes. B. C. 1, 21:Vologeses diversas ad curas trahebatur,
Tac. A. 15, 1.—To weigh, ponder, consider:6.belli atque pacis rationes trahere,
Sall. J. 97, 2; cf. id. ib. 84, 4: trahere consilium, to form a decision or determination, id. ib. 98, 3.—To get, obtain, derive: qui majorem ex pernicie et peste rei publicae molestiam traxerit, who has derived, i. e. has received, suffered, Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1:7.qui cognomen ex contumeliā traxerit,
id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:nomen e causis,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 51:inde nomen,
id. 36, 20, 38, § 146:nomen ab illis,
Ov. M. 4, 291:originem ab aliquo,
to derive, deduce, Plin. 5, 24, 21, § 86; 6, 28, 32, § 157:scio ab isto initio tractum esse sermonem,
i. e. has arisen, Cic. Brut. 6, 21: facetiae, quae multum ex vero traxere, drew, i. e. they were founded largely on truth, Tac. A. 15, 68; cf.:multum ex moribus (Sarmatarum) traxisse,
id. G. 46, 2.—Of time, to protract, drag out, linger:8.afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
Verg. A. 2, 92; so,vitam,
Phaedr. 3, 7, 12; 4, 5, 37; Plin. 28, 1, 2, § 9:traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem,
was bringing on the night, Ov. M. 1, 219: verba, to drag, i. e. to utter with difficulty, Sil. 8, 79.—To draw out, in respect of time; to extend, prolong, lengthen; to protract, put off, delay, retard (cf.:9.prolato, extendo): sin trahitur bellum,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2; cf. Liv. 5, 10, 7; Sall. J. 23, 2:trahere omnia,
to interpose delays of all kinds, id. ib. 36, 2; Ov. M. 12, 584:pugnam aliquamdiu,
Liv. 25, 15, 14:dum hoc naturae Corpus... manebit incolume, comitem aevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet,
Vell. 2, 66, 5:obsidionem in longius,
Quint. 1, 10, 48; cf.:rem de industriā in serum,
Liv. 32, 35, 4:omnia,
id. 32, 36, 2:jurgiis trahere tempus,
id. 32, 27, 1:tempus, Auct. B. Alex. 38, 2: moram ficto languore,
Ov. M. 9, 767:(legati) querentes, trahi se a Caesare,
that they were put off, delayed, Suet. Tib. 31 fin.; so,aliquem sermone, quousque, etc.,
Val. Max. 4, 4, 1:Marius multis diebus et laboribus consumptis anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne inceptum,
Sall. J. 93, 1.—Rarely neutr., to drag along, to last, endure. si quis etiam in eo morbo diutius traxit, Cels. 2, 8 med.:B. 1.decem annos traxit ista dominatio,
Flor. 4, 2, 12.—Hence, tractus, a, um, P. a., drawn on, i. e. proceeding continuously, flowing, fluent, of language:genus orationis fusum atque tractum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 15, 64:in his (contione et hortatione) tracta quaedam et fluens expetitur,
id. Or. 20, 66.—A flock of wool drawn out for spinning:2.tracta de niveo vellere dente,
Tib. 1, 6, 80.—A long piece of dough pulled out in making pastry, Cato, R. R. 76, 1; 76, 4; Apic. 2, 1; 4, 3; 5, 1 al.—Called also tracta, ae, f., Plin. 18, 11, 27, § 106. -
4 Vertrag
Vertrag m 1. GEN agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. POL treaty, accord; 3. RECHT agreement; contract, covenant, deed (schriftliche Vereinbarung) • einem Vertrag zustimmen RECHT agree to a contract • einen Vertrag aufheben RECHT cancel a contract, rescind a contract • einen Vertrag schließen mit GEN enter into a contract with • etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen RECHT build sth into a contract (Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung)* * *m 1. < Geschäft> agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. < Pol> treaty, accord; 3. < Recht> agreement, schriftliche Vereinbarung contract, covenant, deed ■ einem Vertrag zustimmen < Recht> agree to a contract ■ einen Vertrag aufheben < Recht> cancel a contract, rescind a contract ■ einen Vertrag schließen mit < Geschäft> enter into a contract with ■ etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen < Recht> Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung build sth into a contract* * *Vertrag
contract, covenant, (Geschäftsabschluss) transaction, (Staatsvertrag) treaty, pact, (Übereinkommen) convention, (Urkunde) deed, instrument, document, indenture, indent, (Vereinbarung) agreement, composition, compact;
• aufgrund eines Vertrages under an agreement (indenture);
• bei Wirksamwerden des Vertrages when the contract is effected;
• durch Vertrag gebunden bound by contract;
• kraft Vertrages by virtue of a treaty;
• laut Vertrag according to (as may be required by) contract, according to the treaty;
• während der Dauer des Vertrages during the life of a contract;
• abgeänderter Vertrag modified (amended) contract;
• zugunsten der Gläubiger abgeschlossener Vertrag deed for the benefit of creditors;
• abhängiger Vertrag dependent contract;
• akzessorischer Vertrag accessory contract;
• aleatorischer Vertrag aleatory contract;
• anfechtbarer Vertrag voidable (impeachable) contract;
• annullierter Vertrag cancelled (rescinded) contract;
• aufhebbarer Vertrag determinable contract;
• mit Preisgleitklausel ausgestatteter Vertrag cost-of-living escalator contract;
• auslaufender Vertrag expiring contract;
• bedingter Vertrag conditional contract;
• befristeter Vertrag temporary contract;
• einseitig begünstigender Vertrag contract of benevolence;
• beurkundeter Vertrag special contract, contract under seal;
• bindender Vertrag binding agreement;
• wechselseitig bindender Vertrag indented deed;
• gültig bleibender Vertrag contract that can be upheld;
• dinglicher Vertrag real contract;
• einfacher (formloser) Vertrag simple contract (US), contract (agreement) under hand (Br.);
• einklagbarer Vertrag contract enforceable at law;
• nicht einklagbarer Vertrag unenforceable contract;
• einseitiger (einseitig bindender) Vertrag unilateral (naked, nude, one-sided) contract;
• entgeltlicher Vertrag onerous contract;
• beiderseits (beiderseitig) erfüllter Vertrag executed covenant (contract);
• noch nicht erfüllter Vertrag executory (unfulfilled) contract;
• ordnungsgemäß errichteter Vertrag contract drawn up in due form;
• fairer Vertrag (Minderjähriger) fair and reasonable contract;
• fehlerhafter Vertrag invalid (defective) contract;
• fester Vertrag standing contract;
• fiktiver Vertrag sham contract;
• fingierter Vertrag fictitious (sham) contract;
• formbedürftiger Vertrag specialty (formal) contract, specialty [deed];
• formfreier (formloser) Vertrag parole agreement, simple contract (US), agreement (contract) under hand (Br.);
• gegenseitiger Vertrag mutual (reciprocal) contract, (zweiseitiger) synallagmatic contract;
• gemischter Vertrag mixed contract;
• elektronisch geschlossener Vertrag electronically concluded contract;
• außerhalb der Geschäftsräume geschlossener Vertrag contract negotiated away from business premises;
• stillschweigend geschlossener Vertrag implied contract (covenant);
• lästig gewordener Vertrag burdensome contract;
• objektiv unmöglich gewordener Vertrag frustrated contract;
• halbjährlicher Vertrag six-month contract;
• kaufähnlicher Vertrag quasi contract;
• kündbarer Vertrag [de]terminable contract;
• langfristiger Vertrag long-term contract;
• laufender Vertrag continuing (standing, running) contract;
• lebenslänglicher Vertrag life contract;
• zugrunde liegender Vertrag underlying contract;
• mehrseitiger Vertrag multilateral agreement;
• mündlicher Vertrag parol agreement, oral (parol) contract;
• neuer Vertrag fresh (substituted) contract;
• nichtiger Vertrag void contract;
• notarieller Vertrag sealed contract, notarial deed, contract by speciality;
• obligatorischer Vertrag consensual contract;
• paraphierter Vertrag initialled contract;
• rechtsgültiger (rechtsverbindlicher) Vertrag valid contract, [legally] binding contract;
• amtlich registrierter Vertrag contract of record;
• schlüsselfertiger Vertrag turnkey contract;
• schriftlicher Vertrag written (literal) contract, contract in writing, covenant;
• schuldrechtlicher Vertrag personal covenant;
• schwebender Vertrag executory contract;
• seerechtlicher Vertrag marine contract;
• selbstständiger Vertrag independent contract;
• sittenwidriger Vertrag contract tainted with immorality, immoral (illegal) contract;
• teilbarer Vertrag divisible contract;
• unanfechtbarer Vertrag unavoidable contract;
• unentgeltlicher Vertrag gratuitous contract (deed);
• ungeteilter Vertrag entire contract;
• ungültiger Vertrag invalid (void) contract;
• aufgrund Gesetzes ungültiger Vertrag contract rendered void by statute;
• unmöglicher Vertrag impossible (frustrated) contract;
• unrentabler Vertrag unprofitable contract;
• unteilbarer Vertrag indivisible (entire) contract;
• einseitig unterzeichneter Vertrag inchoate agreement;
• unverbindlicher Vertrag naked (nude) contract;
• mit Treu und Glauben unvereinbarer Vertrag unconscionable contract;
• unvollständiger Vertrag incomplete contract;
• gesetzlich verbotener Vertrag contract prohibited by statute;
• einseitig verpflichtender Vertrag deed poll;
• gegen die guten Sitten verstoßender Vertrag contract offending public policy;
• vorläufiger Vertrag provisional contract, preliminary agreement;
• wechselseitiger Vertrag commutative contract;
• wirksamer Vertrag executed contract;
• wucherischer Vertrag usurious contract;
• zweiseitiger Vertrag synallagmatic (bilateral, mutual) contract, bipartite treaty;
• Vertrag über den Abschluss eines Prämiengeschäfts option contract;
• Vertrag auf der Basis zu erstattender Selbstkosten cost-reimbursement contract;
• Vertrag mit fünfzigprozentiger Beteiligung an den Mehrkosten 50: 50 share contract;
• Vertrag zugunsten Dritter third-party beneficiary contract (US), contract for benefit of a third party (in consideration of another);
• Vertrag über Entwicklungsvorhaben developmental contract;
• Vertrag über die Europäische Union (EUV) Treaty on European Union;
• Vertrag zur Festlegung des Selbstbehalts (Rückversicherungsgeschäft) surplus treaty;
• Vertrag über die Fortführung des Geschäftes unter Gläubigeraufsicht deed of inspectorship;
• Vertrag über Gegenstände des notwendigen Lebensbedarfs contract for necessaries;
• Vertrag mit vorkalkulierten Kosten target-cost contract;
• Vertrag auf Lebenszeit life[time] contract;
• Vertrag über eine geldwerte Leistung money contract;
• Vertrag über selbstständige Leistungen independent contract;
• Vertrag mit ungleichen Leistungen mixed contract;
• Vertrag über mehrere Lieferungen multiple-delivery contract;
• Vertrag eines Minderjährigen infant’s contract;
• Vertrag mit Preisfestsetzung nach den Kosten zuzüglich Verrechnung fester Zuschläge cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract (US);
• Vertrag zur Sicherstellung des notwendigen Lebensunterhalts contract for necessaries;
• Vertrag gegen die guten Sitten contract offending public policy, immoral contract;
• Vertrag in mehreren Währungen multi-currency contract;
• Vertrag zu Zwecken der Steuerhinterziehung contract to defraud the revenue;
• Vertrag abändern to modify a contract;
• Vertrag ablehnen to disaffirm a contract;
• Vertrag abschließen to conclude (enter into) an agreement, to make (close) a contract;
• schriftlichen Vertrag abschließen to enter into a written agreement;
• Vertrag unter Druck abschließen to make a contract under duress;
• Vertrag nicht anerkennen to repudiate a contract;
• Vertrag anfechten to rescind (void, avoid) a contract;
• ungültigen Vertrag anfechten to disaffirm an invalid contract;
• Vertrag annehmen to adopt (assume) a contract;
• Vertrag annullieren to invalidate a contract (Br.);
• Vertrag automatisch annullieren to wash up a contract automatically;
• Vertrag aufheben to annul (avoid, cancel, set aside, dissolve, evacuate, reprobate, rescind) a contract, to rescind an agreement;
• Vertrag in gegenseitigem Einvernehmen aufheben to rescind a contract by mutual consent;
• Vertrag auflösen to sever a contract;
• Vertrag aufrechterhalten to keep a contract alive, to go on with a contract;
• Vertrag aufsetzen to draw up (write, prepare) a contract;
• Vertrag ausfertigen to draw up a contract;
• Vertrag aushandeln to negotiate a contract (transaction);
• Vertrag bis in die kleinsten Kleinigkeiten aushandeln to negotiate a contract in exhausting detail;
• Vertrag auslegen to interpret a contract;
• Vertrag beenden to determine (terminate, discharge) a contract;
• einem bestehenden Vertrag beitreten to intervene in an (become party to an) agreement;
• Vertrag bestätigen to affirm (ratify) a contract;
• Vertrag nicht bestätigen to disaffirm a contract;
• Vertrag als nichtig betrachten to consider a contract void;
• Vertrag brechen to break (violate) a contract;
• Vertrag genau durchlesen to read through a contract;
• Klausel in einen Vertrag einfügen to insert a clause into a contract, to embody (put) a clause in a treaty;
• Vertrag eingehen to enter into an agreement, to [make a] contract;
• Vertrag einhalten to hono(u)r a contract, to abide by an agreement;
• Vertrag entwerfen to draft a contract;
• einem Vertrag die Geschäftsgrundlage entziehen to frustrate a contract;
• Vertrag erfüllen to complete (execute, satisfy, fulfil(l), perform) a contract;
• Vertrag bis zum letzten I-Tüpfelchen erfüllen to live up to the letter of a contract;
• Vertrag für nichtig (ungültig) erklären to vitiate (invalidate) a contract, to set aside an agreement;
• durch einen neuen Vertrag ersetzen to supersede by a new contract;
• unter einen Vertrag fallen to fall within the scope of (be covered by, come under) an agreement;
• Vertrag gänzlich neu fassen to completely transform a treaty;
• Vertrag genehmigen to approbate an agreement;
• einem Vertrag gemäß handeln to act in conformity with a contract;
• aus einem Vertrag herauskommen to get out of a contract;
• aus einem Vertrag (aufgrund eines Vertrag es) klagen to sue on a contract;
• Vertrag mit vierteljährlicher Frist kündigen to denounce an agreement with three month’s notice;
• Vertrag (nicht) fristgemäß kündigen to terminate a contract by (without) notice;
• Vertrag aus wichtigem Grunde kündigen to terminate a contract for cause;
• zu einem rechtsgültigen, bindenden und gesetzmäßigen Vertrag machen to constitute an indenture a valid, binding and legal agreement;
• Vertrag ungültig machen to void (vitiate) a contract;
• Vertrag nachträglich unmöglich machen to frustrate a contract;
• unter Vertrag nehmen to employ, to engage, to recruit (US), to hire (US);
• Vertrag schließen to enter into (conclude) a contract, to consummate an agreement;
• von wesentlicher Bedeutung für einen Vertrag sein to be of essence for a contract;
• im Vertrag vorgesehen sein to be provided for in a contract, to be covered by an agreement;
• auf Vertrag stützen (Klage) to sound in contract;
• Vertrag umstoßen to void (vitiate) a contract;
• Vertrag unterschreiben (unterzeichnen) to sign an agreement;
• internationalen Vertrag gesetzlich verankern to embody a treaty in law;
• Vertrag verklausulieren to put hedges in a contract;
• Vertrag verlängern to extend (prolong) a contract;
• Vertrag verletzen to violate a contract (an agreement);
• unterschriftsreifen Vertrag vorlegen to submit a contract all cut and dried, to draw up a contract for signature;
• zu einem Vertrag gezwungen werden to make a contract under duress;
• Vertrag widerrufen to revoke (rescind) a contract;
• von einem Vertrag zurücktreten to recede (withdraw from, terminate) an agreement, to rescind a contract;
• einem Vertrag zustimmen to assent to (ratify) a contract.
zusammenpfuschen, Vertrag
to huddle up an agreement. -
5 licitación
f.bid, tendering, bidding, licitation.* * *1 bid* * *SF1) [en contratación pública] bidding for a public contract2) [en subasta] bidding ( at auction)* * *femenino (esp AmL) tenderse llamará a licitación para la construcción del puente — the construction of the bridge will be put out to tender
* * *= bid, tender procedure, tendering, tender, bidding, tendering procedure, tendering process.Ex. New York State has recently moved away from former relatively unrestrictive policies by requiring bids on all items priced over $10,000.Ex. As a result of the tender procedure a contract was made to construct the new Library and Department of Library and Information Studies.Ex. After fruitful discussion with the UGC, the University was authorised to proceed towards tendering stage.Ex. Following the issue of a letter of intent to major bodybuilders, the tender was drawn up requiring tenderers to submit a breakdown of costs.Ex. The outcome of the bidding was slightly disappointing for the vendor, but they say it was a bargain for the buyer.Ex. There are exemptions, however, to when these tendering procedures are used.Ex. Many tendering processes end with no solution because the project loses momentum and becomes overly complex.----* concurso público de licitación = competitive tendering.* sacar a licitación = tender for, tender out.* * *femenino (esp AmL) tenderse llamará a licitación para la construcción del puente — the construction of the bridge will be put out to tender
* * *= bid, tender procedure, tendering, tender, bidding, tendering procedure, tendering process.Ex: New York State has recently moved away from former relatively unrestrictive policies by requiring bids on all items priced over $10,000.
Ex: As a result of the tender procedure a contract was made to construct the new Library and Department of Library and Information Studies.Ex: After fruitful discussion with the UGC, the University was authorised to proceed towards tendering stage.Ex: Following the issue of a letter of intent to major bodybuilders, the tender was drawn up requiring tenderers to submit a breakdown of costs.Ex: The outcome of the bidding was slightly disappointing for the vendor, but they say it was a bargain for the buyer.Ex: There are exemptions, however, to when these tendering procedures are used.Ex: Many tendering processes end with no solution because the project loses momentum and becomes overly complex.* concurso público de licitación = competitive tendering.* sacar a licitación = tender for, tender out.* * *tenderlanzar una convocatoria de licitación to issue an invitation to tenderse llamará a licitación para la construcción del puente the construction of the bridge will be put out to tenderpresentarse a una licitación to submit a tenderganar una licitación to win a contract, to have a tender acceptedCompuesto:* * *
licitación sustantivo femenino (esp AmL) tender;◊ se llamará a licitación para la construcción del puente the construction of the bridge will be put out to tender
' licitación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
concurso
* * *licitación nftender;estar en licitación to be out to tender;salir a licitación to be put out to tender;un proceso de licitación a call for tenders* * *f L.Am.bidding* * * -
6 trække
drag, draw, in flight, migrate, pull, take, thread, tow, wheel, yank* * *vb (trak, trukket)( trække til sig, rykke) pull (i at, fx a rope, the door, his mother's skirt),( kraftigt) tug (i at, fx his sleeve);( med jævn bevægelse) draw ( fx a carriage drawn by four horses), pull( fx the chair away, socks on; the horse was pulling a cart),( langsomt, om noget tungt) haul ( fx a boat on shore),( med besvær: slæbe) drag ( fx a child away from a shop window),T lug;( bugsere) tow ( fx a barge);( dyr i reb) lead;( cykel) wheel;( trække frem) draw ( fx a knife, a gun, one's sword), pull ( fx a knife, a gun);( i automat) draw;( tiltrække, fx kunder) draw, attract;( indsuge) absorb;( tegne) draw;( føre snor, streg etc gennem noget) pass, run;( uden objekt) ( tiltrække publikum) draw, be a draw;(om fugle etc) migrate;( skorsten, cigar etc) draw;(te) draw,F infuse;( i fodbold) move;( om prostitueret) go on the street(s);(i skak etc) move;[ det trækker] there's a draught;[ med sb:][ trække vand](fx om sko) let in (el. soak up) water,(mar) leak;[ med præp & adv:][ trække af](dvs skyde) pull the trigger;[ trække frakken (, støvlerne etc) af] pull off one's coat (, boots, etc);[ trække an](fx møtrik) draw tight,( bremse) pull back;[ trække bort]( fjerne sig) go away, leave,( om fugle) depart, migrate,( om skyer, tåge etc) clear away;[ trække gardinet for] draw the curtain;( gardin) draw back,( fradrage) deduct ( fx 5 per cent from the salary),( subtrahere) subtract, take away;[ trække 2 fra 5] subtract (el. take) 2 from 5;[ trække frem] pull out, draw out,( fremhæve) call attention to, emphasize,[ trække i]( rykke i) pull at,( kraftigt) tug at,( iføre sig) put on, get into;[ trække en i håret] pull somebody's hair;(fig) climb down;[ det trak i hans ansigt] his face twitched;[ tropperne trak igennem byen] the troops marched through the town;[ trække en tråd igennem et nåleøje] pass a thread through the eye of a needle;[ trække ind] draw in, pull in,( om væske) soak in;[ katten trak kløerne ind] the cat retracted its claws;(se også hår);[ blive trukket med ind i noget] be drawn into something, be mixed up in something;[ trække en med sig i faldet] drag somebody down with one;(se også trækkes);[ trække ned] pull down, draw down;( i karakter) penalize ( fx I won't penalize him for that);(fig) drag somebody down;[ trække om] wander about;[ trække om med noget] carry (, drag) something about with one;[ trække op] draw up, pull up,( mekanisme) wind ( fx a watch),( flaske) uncork, open,( prop) draw,( i pris) overcharge ( fx the customers),T rip off;( med blæk) ink in;[ trække skuldrene op] hunch one's shoulders;(omtr) they are changing the guard;[ trække op af vandet] pull out of the water;[ trække op i bukserne] hitch up one's trousers;[ det trækker op til krig (, regn)] it looks like war (, rain);[ det trækker op til uvejr] a storm is gathering (el. brewing);[ trække over]( rive over) tear;( om konto) overdraw ( fx one's bank account by £10);( om uvejr, fare etc) blow over;[ trække en skrue over] strip (el. break) the thread of a screw;[ trække `på](fx strømper, støvler) pull on;[ trækker det på dig?] are you in a draft? is the draught bothering you?[ trække på én for et beløb] draw on somebody for an amount;[ trække på det ene ben] walk with a limp;[ trække perler på en snor] string beads (, pearls);(se også skulder, II. åre);[ trække sammen] draw together, gather,( forkorte) contract, condense;[ skyerne trækker sammen] the clouds are gathering; the sky is clouding over;( tiltrække) attract, draw,(lukke fx dør) pull to,( rykke kraftigt) pull hard,( stramme) tighten ( fx a screw, a knot),( om byld) come to a head;[ trække tilbage] draw (, pull) back ( fx one's chair; pull back troops),(mere F) withdraw ( fx one's hand, troops);(fig) withdraw ( fx an accusation, one's confession),F retract ( fx an accusation);[ trække ud] draw out,( med kraft) pull out ( fx a drawer, a tooth, a nail, hairs, asplinter),F extract;( forlænge) draw out, stretch,( få til at vare længe) draw out,T drag out ( fx the meeting, the debate), spin out ( fx theconversation, a speech, a story);( vare længe) make slow progress, take a long time,T drag on;[ trække tiden ud] draw out the time;[ prøve at trække tiden ud] play for time,F temporize,T drag one's feet;[ for at trække tiden ud] in order to gain time;[ det trækker ud med forhandlingerne] the negotiations are making slow progress;[ med sig:][ trække sig]( ved valg: opgive sin kandidatur) stand down;[ trække sig i lave], se I. lave;(mil.) fall back on ( fx a fortress); withdraw into;[ trække sig ind i sig selv] withdraw (, F: retire) into oneself;(se også I. skal);[ trække sig sammen] contract ( fx his muscles contracted);[ nettet trækker sig sammen om ham] the net is tightening round him;( bevæge sig tilbage) draw (el. fall) back ( fx the crowd drew (el.fell) back), withdraw,F recede ( fx the tide (, the floods) receded);( om enkeltperson) retire ( fx retire to one's room, retire for the night, retire from the world),( flygte) retreat ( fx to one's summer cottage to relax);(fra embede etc) resign ( fx he offered to resign),( gå på pension) retire ( fx from a post),( ved valg: opgive sin kandidatur) stand down;(mil.) fall back ( fx on a fortress),F retire ( fx to prepared positions),T pull out;( under pres) retreat ( fx force the enemy to retreat);[ trække sig ud] withdraw,T pull out,( fortryde) back out ( fx you can't back out now),T cop out;[ trække sig ud af] withdraw from ( fx political life; NATO); back out of( fx the scheme; an undertaking). -
7 sur
I.sur1 [syʀ]a. (position) on ; (avec mouvement) onto ; ( = dans) in ; ( = par-dessus) over ; ( = au-dessus de) above• il y a un sac sur la table/une affiche sur le mur there's a bag on the table/a poster on the wall• il a 1 500 € sur son compte he has 1,500 euros in his account• il neige sur Paris/sur toute l'Europe it's snowing in Paris/all over Europe• s'endormir sur un livre/son travail to fall asleep over a book/over one's work• « travaux sur 5 km » "roadworks for 5km"• gravure sur bois/verre wood/glass engravingc. (temps: proximité, approximation) il est arrivé sur les 2 heures he came at about 2• sur le moment or sur le coup, je n'ai pas compris at the time I didn't understandd. (cause) sur invitation/commande by invitation/order• sur un signe du patron, elle sortit at the boss's signal, she lefte. (moyen, manière) onf. (matière, sujet) on• sur douze verres, six sont ébréchés out of twelve glasses six are chipped• un jour/un vendredi sur trois every third day/Friday• il vient un jour/mercredi sur deux he comes every other day/Wednesdayi. (influence, supériorité) on• avoir des droits sur qn/qch to have rights over sb/to sthj. ► sur ce ( = sur ces mots)sur ce, il est sorti upon which he went out• sur ce, il faut que je vous quitte and now I must leave youII.sur2, e [syʀ]adjective( = aigre) sour* * *Note: Lorsque sur indique une position dans l'espace il se traduit généralement par on: sur la table/une chaise = on the table/a chair; sur la côte/le lac = on the coast/the lakeLorsque sur a une valeur figurée comme dans régner sur, pleurer sur, sur l'honneur, sur place etc la traduction sera fournie dans l'article du deuxième élément, respectivement régner, pleurer, honneur, place etc
I syʀ1) ( dessus) on2) (au-dessus, sans contact) overun pont sur la rivière — a bridge across ou over the river
3) (étendue, surface)4) ( direction)5) ( support matériel) on6) ( au sujet de) [débat, thèse] on; [étude, poème] about7) ( objet d'un travail)une personne sur dix — one person out of ou in ten
9) ( indique l'accumulation) lit upon; fig after10) ( juste après)ils se sont quittés sur ces mots — with these words, they parted
sur ce or quoi — upon which
sur ce, je vous laisse — with that, I must leave you
11) ( pendant)on ne peut pas juger sur une période aussi courte — you can't judge over ou in such a short period
12) Radio, Télévision, Télécommunications on [radio, chaîne, ligne téléphonique]
II
* * *
I syʀ prép1) (position) onPose-le sur la table. — Put it on the table.
2) (en recouvrant) overPour finir, versez le coulis de fruits rouges sur le gâteau. — And to finish it, pour the coulis of red berries over the cake.
3) (sans contact direct) overIls ont construit un nouveau pont sur le Rhône. — They have built a new bridge over the Rhone.
sur soi; Je n'ai pas d'argent sur moi. — I haven't got any money on me.
4) (direction) towardssur votre droite — on your right, to your right
Vous verrez l'hôpital sur votre droite. — You'll see the hospital on your right., You'll see the hospital to your right.
5) (= à propos de) on, aboutun livre sur Balzac — a book on Balzac, a book about Balzac
une conférence sur l'art roman — a lecture on Romanesque art, a lecture about Romanesque art
6) (dans une proportion) out ofSur 20, 2 sont venus. — Two out of twenty came.
7)un sur 10 (statistiques) — one in 10, ÉDUCATION one out of 10
J'ai eu quatorze sur vingt en maths. — I got 14 out of 20 in maths.
une semaine sur deux — every other week, one week in two
une semaine sur trois — every third week, one week in three
9) (en indiquant l'heure) around10) (cause)11) (répétition)12) (autre locution)Sur ce, il partit sans dire un mot. — Whereupon he left without uttering a word.
Sur ce, il faut que je vous quitte. — And now I must leave you.
II sur, -e* * *I.sur prép❢ Lorsque sur indique une position dans l'espace il se traduit généralement par on: sur la table/une chaise = on the table/a chair; sur la côte/le lac = on the coast/the lake.On trouvera ci-dessous des exemples supplémentaires et exceptions. Lorsque sur a une valeur figurée comme dans régner sur, pleurer sur, sur l'honneur, sur place etc la traduction sera fournie dans l'article du deuxième élément, respectivement régner, pleurer, honneur, place etc.1 ( dessus) on; le verre est sur la table the glass is on the table; prends un verre sur la table take a glass from the table; appliquer la lotion sur vos cheveux apply the lotion to your hair; la clé est sur la porte the key is in the door; passer la main sur une étoffe to run one's hand over a fabric; il doit être sur la route he must be on the road ou on his way by now;2 (au-dessus, sans contact) over; des nuages sur les montagnes/la plaine clouds over the mountaintops/the plain; un pont sur la rivière a bridge across ou over the river; la nuit est tombée/l'orage s'est abattu sur la ville night fell/the storm broke over the city;3 (étendue, surface) la forêt est détruite sur 150 hectares the forest has been destroyed over an area of 150 hectares; une table d'un mètre sur deux a table (of) one metre by two;4 ( direction) se diriger sur Valence to head ou make for Valence; une voiture déboucha sur la droite a car pulled out on the right;5 ( support matériel) on; sur un morceau de papier on a piece of paper; elle est très jolie sur la photo she looks very pretty in the photograph; dessiner sur le sable to draw in the sand;6 ( au sujet de) [débat, exposé, essai, chapitre, thèse] on; [étude, poème] about; [article, livre] on;7 ( objet d'un travail) être sur une affaire to be involved in a business deal; on est sur un gros chantier actuellement we're currently involved in a big construction project;8 ( indique un rapport de proportion) une personne sur dix one person in ou out of ten; une semaine sur trois one week in three; il a fait trois exercices sur quatre he did three exercises out of four; sur 250 employés, il y a seulement 28 femmes out of 250 employees, there are only 28 females; un mardi sur deux every other Tuesday; il y a deux chances sur trois qu'il ne vienne pas there are two chances out of three that he won't come;9 ( indique l'accumulation) lit upon; fig after; entasser pierre sur pierre to pile stone upon stone; faire proposition sur proposition to make one offer after another, to make offer after offer; commettre erreur sur erreur to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake; il a eu deux accidents coup sur coup he had two accidents one after the other;10 ( juste après) ils se sont quittés sur ces mots with these words, they parted; sur le moment at the time; sur ce or quoi upon which, thereupon; sur ce, je vous laisse with that, I must leave you;11 ( pendant) on ne peut pas juger sur une période aussi courte/trois jours you can't decide over ou in such a short period/three days;II.III[syr] préposition1. [dans l'espace - dessus] on ; [ - par-dessus] over ; [ - au sommet de] on top of ; [ - contre] againstelle avait des bleus sur tout le visage she had bruises all over her face, her face was covered in bruisesmonter sur un manège/une bicyclette to get on a roundabout/bicycledemain, du soleil sur le nord tomorrow, there will be sunshine in the northune chambre avec vue sur la mer a room with a view of ou over the seades fenêtres qui donnent sur la rue windows giving onto ou overlooking the streetil y avait un monde fou, on était tous les uns sur les autres there was a huge crowd, we were all crushed up together ou one on top of the other2. [indiquant la direction]sur votre gauche, le Panthéon on ou to your left, the Pantheonobliquer sur la droite to turn ou to bear rightla porte s'est refermée sur elle the door closed behind ou after her‘virages sur 3 km’ ‘bends for 3 km’la foire s'étend sur 3 000 m² the fair covers 3,000 m²sur les quatre heures, quelqu'un a téléphoné (at) around ou about four, somebody phoned[indiquant la proximité]sur le moment ou le coup, je me suis étonné at the time ou at first, I was surprisedil va sur ses 40 ans he's approaching ou nearly 405. [indiquant la durée]c'est un contrat sur cinq ans it's a five-year contract, the contract runs for five yearsje lui ai envoyé lettre sur lettre I sent him letter after ou upon letter7. [indiquant la cause]juger quelqu'un sur ses propos/son apparence to judge somebody by his words/appearance8. [indiquant la manière, l'état, la situation]avoir un effet sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to have an effect on somebody/somethingêtre sur ses gardes/la défensive/le qui-vive to be on one's guard/the defensive/the look-outc'est sur la première chaîne/France Inter it's on channel one/France Inter9. [indiquant le moyen]vivre sur ses économies/un héritage to live off one's savings/a legacyon peut tailler deux jupes sur le même patron you can make two skirts out of ou from the same patternle film se termine sur une vue du Lido the film ends with ou on a view of the Lido10. [indiquant le domaine, le sujet]sur ce point, nous sommes d'accord we agree on that point140 personnes sont sur le projet there are 140 people on ou involved in the project11. [indiquant - une proportion] out of ; [ - une mesure] byun homme sur deux one man in two, every second mansur 100 candidats, 15 ont été retenus 15 out of 100 candidates were shortlistedfaire une enquête sur 1 000 personnes to do a survey of ou involving 1,000 people12. [indiquant une relation de supériorité] over -
8 interesado
adj.1 interested, affected, concerned.2 selfish, calculating, self-serving.f. & m.1 applicant, aspirant, candidate, solicitor.2 interested party, party in interest.past part.past participle of spanish verb: interesar.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) interested2 (egoísta) selfish, self-interested► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (gen) interested party2 (egoísta) selfish person\estar interesado,-a en algo to be interested in somethingestar interesado,-a por alguien to take an interest in somebodyser un,-a interesado,-a to be selfish, act out of self-interestparte interesada interested party* * *(f. - interesada)adj.1) interested2) selfish* * *interesado, -a1. ADJ1) (=con interés) interestedlas partes interesadas tendrán que firmar el contrato mañana — the interested parties will have to sign the contract tomorrow
estar interesado en o por algo — to be interested in sth
estamos muy interesados en el proyecto — we have a great interest in the project, we are very interested in the project
2) (=egoísta) self-interested, selfishlo veo muy interesado — he seems really self-interested o selfish to me
2. SM / F1) (=persona interesada)los interesados pueden escribir una postal con sus datos — anyone interested o those interested should send a postcard with their personal details
•
interesado en algo, una cita indispensable para todos los interesados en el jazz — a must for all those interested in jazz o for all jazz fans2) (=persona egoísta)eres un interesado — you always act out of self-interest, you're always on the lookout for yourself
* * *I- da adjetivoa) [estar] ( que muestra interés) interestedlas partes interesadas — the parties concerned, the interested parties
b) [ser] ( egoísta) selfishc) ( parcial) biased, biassedII- da masculino, femeninoa) ( que tiene interés) interested party (frml)los interesados deberán... — all those interested o (frml) all interested parties should...
soy el principal interesado en que esto salga bien — I have the biggest interest in seeing this work out well
b) ( que busca su provecho)es un interesado — he always acts in his own interest o out of self-interest
* * *= interested party, intrigued, interested, self-serving, concerned party, proposer, taker, concerned, applicant.Ex. Other interested parties include the operators of the systems, and the suppliers of the various technical components.Ex. Supporting material -- cartoons, quotations and humorous excerpts -- are used to keep students intrigued and clues are allowed if students are unable to formulate a research strategy.Ex. Some of the individual programmes are now being drawn up and in one case at least the Commission has already published a notice calling for interested organizations to come forward.Ex. At the same time he warns against self-serving marketing.Ex. As the electronic era dawns, it is particularly important that the concerned parties come together to agree how to manage rights in an international electronic environment.Ex. This paper outlines the evaluation procedure in order to help proposers to understand how their proposals are handled by the European Commission.Ex. When, a few years later, the typefounder Fry offered founts in Baskerville's eccentric design (which was well known to be bad for the eyes) he found few takers.Ex. Mainframe computers are rarely dedicated to the library's own sole application, unless the library concerned happens to be a national library, offering online access to its data bases to a wide audience.Ex. The inaugural 1988/89 class of eight Fellows was chosen from more than 200 applicants.----* estar interesado en = be interested in, be keen to.* interesado en = with a stake in.* interesado por los libros = book-conscious.* interesados = interested people.* persona interesada = taker.* * *I- da adjetivoa) [estar] ( que muestra interés) interestedlas partes interesadas — the parties concerned, the interested parties
b) [ser] ( egoísta) selfishc) ( parcial) biased, biassedII- da masculino, femeninoa) ( que tiene interés) interested party (frml)los interesados deberán... — all those interested o (frml) all interested parties should...
soy el principal interesado en que esto salga bien — I have the biggest interest in seeing this work out well
b) ( que busca su provecho)es un interesado — he always acts in his own interest o out of self-interest
* * *= interested party, intrigued, interested, self-serving, concerned party, proposer, taker, concerned, applicant.Ex: Other interested parties include the operators of the systems, and the suppliers of the various technical components.
Ex: Supporting material -- cartoons, quotations and humorous excerpts -- are used to keep students intrigued and clues are allowed if students are unable to formulate a research strategy.Ex: Some of the individual programmes are now being drawn up and in one case at least the Commission has already published a notice calling for interested organizations to come forward.Ex: At the same time he warns against self-serving marketing.Ex: As the electronic era dawns, it is particularly important that the concerned parties come together to agree how to manage rights in an international electronic environment.Ex: This paper outlines the evaluation procedure in order to help proposers to understand how their proposals are handled by the European Commission.Ex: When, a few years later, the typefounder Fry offered founts in Baskerville's eccentric design (which was well known to be bad for the eyes) he found few takers.Ex: Mainframe computers are rarely dedicated to the library's own sole application, unless the library concerned happens to be a national library, offering online access to its data bases to a wide audience.Ex: The inaugural 1988/89 class of eight Fellows was chosen from more than 200 applicants.* estar interesado en = be interested in, be keen to.* interesado en = with a stake in.* interesado por los libros = book-conscious.* interesados = interested people.* persona interesada = taker.* * *1 [ ESTAR] (que muestra interés) interested interesado EN algo interested IN sthestoy muy interesado en este proyecto/tema I'm very interested in this project/subjectlas personas interesadas en el puesto those interested in the postno se llegó a un acuerdo entre las partes interesadas the parties concerned o the interested parties failed to reach an agreement2 [ SER](egoísta): no puedo creer que su ayuda no sea interesada I cannot believe that their motives for helping are purely selfless o altruistic, I cannot believe that they don't have ulterior motives for helpingactuó de manera interesada he acted selfishly, he acted in his own interest o to protect his own interests o out of self-interestmasculine, feminine1 (que tiene interés) interested party ( frml)los interesados deberán presentarse mañana all those interested o ( frml) all interested parties should attend tomorrownombre y dirección del interesado name and address of the applicantsoy el principal interesado en que esto salga bien I have the biggest interest in seeing this work out well2(que busca su provecho): es un interesado he always acts in his own interest o out of self-interestamor interesado self-interested love* * *
Del verbo interesar: ( conjugate interesar)
interesado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
interesado
interesar
interesado◊ -da adjetivo
interesado en algo interested in sth
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
◊ los interesados deberán … all those interested o (frml) all interested parties should …b) ( que busca su provecho):◊ es un interesado he always acts in his own interest o out of self-interest
interesar ( conjugate interesar) verbo intransitivo
esto a ti no te interesa this doesn't concern you, this is no concern of yoursb) ( convenir):◊ interesadoía comprobar los datos it would be useful/advisable to check the data;
me interesa este tipo de préstamo this sort of loan would suit me
verbo transitivo interesado a algn en algo to interest sb in sth, get sb interested in sth
interesarse verbo pronominal
interesadose en or por algo to take an interest in sth
interesado,-a
I adjetivo
1 (que tiene interés por algo) interested [en, in]: ella es una de las más interesadas, she's one of the people who is most interested
2 (egoísta) selfish
II sustantivo masculino y femenino interested person
los interesados, those interested o concerned
interesar
I verbo transitivo
1 (inspirar interés) to interest: el fútbol no le interesa en absoluto, football doesn't interest him at all
atiende, creo que esto te interesa, pay attention, I think you should listen to this
2 (incumbir) to concern: eso no te interesa, it's none of your business
II vi (ser motivo de interés) to be of interest, to be important: interesa que nos reunamos cuanto antes, it is important that we meet as soon as possible
' interesado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
interesada
- curioso
- indiferente
- propio
- tramitar
English:
cupboard love
- interested
- medicine
* * *interesado, -a♦ adj1. [preocupado, curioso] interested (en o por in);estoy muy interesado en la evolución del conflicto I am very interested in the development of the conflict;está interesado en comprar una casa he's interested in buying a house;estaría interesado en recibir más información sobre el festival I would be interested in receiving more information about the festival2. [egoísta] selfish, self-interested;actuó de forma interesada she acted selfishly o out of self-interestdeben presentar la firma de la persona interesada the signature of the person concerned is required♦ nm,f1. [deseoso, curioso] interested person;los interesados those interested;yo soy el primer interesado en que lleguemos a un acuerdo I'm as keen as anyone for us to reach an agreement2. [egoísta] selfish o self-interested person;es un interesado he 's a very selfish person, he always acts out of self-interest3. [involucrado] person concerned;los interesados the parties concerned, those involved* * *I adj interestedII m, interesada f interested party* * *interesado, -da adj1) : interested2) : selfish, self-seeking* * *interesado adj interested -
9 получать
1. scores2. attain3. derive4. secure5. gain6. recover7. cashingполучать по; получение — cashing of
8. charge backполучать предписание; предназначаться для; предназначенный для; предназначил для — charged to
9. draw10. experience11. gaining12. gains13. getting14. got15. gotten16. obtained17. received18. receiving19. score a20. score an21. succeed22. succeeding23. obtain24. receive; get; obtain; catch; have; come in; arrive; result; prove; turn out25. become subrogated to26. getполучать 6000 фунтов в год — to get ?6,000 a year
получать зарплату, зарабатывать — to get wages
27. poll28. take inполучать патент на … — take out a patent for …
получал приз; полученный приз — taken a prize
29. winСинонимический ряд:1. зарабатывать (глаг.) зарабатывать; зашибать2. обретать (глаг.) обретать; принимать; приобретатьАнтонимический ряд: -
10 declaración
f.1 declaration, annunciation, statement, proclamation.2 testimony, attestation, assertion, testimonial.* * *1 (gen) declaration2 (Also used in plural with the same meaning) (explicación pública) statement, comment■ la artista se negó a hacer declaraciones sobre su divorcio the star refused to comment on her divorce3 DERECHO evidence4 (en bridge) bid\prestar declaración DERECHO to give evidence* * *noun f.1) declaration, statement2) testimony* * *SF1) (=proclamación) declarationdeclaración de derechos — (Pol) bill of rights
no quiso hacer declaraciones a los periodistas — he refused to talk to journalists, he refused to make a statement to journalists
3) [a Hacienda] tax returndeclaración de impuestos, declaración de ingresos, declaración de la renta — income tax return
4) (Jur) [ante la policía, en juicio] statementlas declaraciones de los testigos son contradictorias — the evidence given by the witnesses is contradictory, the witnesses' statements are contradictory
•
prestar declaración — [ante la policía] to make a statement; [en un juicio] to give evidence, testify•
tomar la declaración a algn — to take a statement from sbdeclaración de culpabilidad — plea of guilty, guilty plea
declaración de inocencia — plea of not guilty, not guilty plea
declaración inmediata — Méx verbal statement
declaración jurada — sworn statement, affidavit
5) [de incendio, epidemia] outbreak6) (Naipes) bid* * *1)a) ( afirmación) declarationb) (a la prensa, en público) statementc) ( proclamación) declaration2) (Der) statement, testimony•* * *= assertion, claim, statement, declaration, bid, testimony, communiqué, pronouncement, utterance, testimonial, deposition.Ex. The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.Ex. The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.Ex. Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.Ex. Profiles may remain empty declarations of intent in a changing reality.Ex. Try to envisage explaining the significance of a bid of 'two clubs' in contract bridge to someone who has never seen a pack of playing cards.Ex. Sidney Ditzion's assessment of Ticknor as a man who 'loved and trusted the great majority of his fellow citizens' just will not stand the test when compared with the testimony of Ticknor's contemporaries.Ex. The official communiqué issued at the end of the meeting follows: 'The meeting deplores and is deeply shocked by the extensive damage to, and looting of, the cultural heritage of Iraq caused by the recent conflict' = El comunicado oficial emitido al final de la asamble dice: "La asamblea condena y se siente horrorizada por el enorme daño y el saqueo del patrimonio cultural de Irak ocasionado por el reciente conflicto".Ex. However I have pointed out what seem to me to be the more important of the relevant rules and I have tried to summarize their main pronouncements without misrepresentation, despite the unavoidable simplification.Ex. One natural strategy for reducing the impact of miscommunication is selective verification of the user utterance meanings.Ex. Testimonials from the participants showed that the workshops had economic, social and environmental benefits.Ex. The investigation revealed that he had made false statements under oath during sworn oral depositions in proceedings.----* ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.* declaración bajo juramento = statement under oath.* declaración de conformidad = declaration of agreement.* declaración de culpabilidad = guilty plea.* Declaración de Derechos = Bill of Rights.* declaración de guerra = declaration of war.* declaración de insolvencia = bailout.* declaración de intenciones = policy statement, statement of objectives, mission statement, purpose statement, letter of intent, declaration of intent, vision statement.* declaración de la renta = tax return, income tax, income tax return, income tax statement.* Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.* declaración de objetivos = statement of objectives, purpose statement, mission statement, vision statement.* declaración de postura oficial = position paper.* declaración de prensa = press statement.* declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.* declaración de propiedad = claim.* declaración jurada = declaration form, form of declaration, deposition, sworn affidavit, affidavit.* declaración pública = public statement.* impreso de declaración de la renta = income tax form, tax form.* prestar declaración = give + evidence.* prestar declaración bajo juramento = testify + under oath.* * *1)a) ( afirmación) declarationb) (a la prensa, en público) statementc) ( proclamación) declaration2) (Der) statement, testimony•* * *= assertion, claim, statement, declaration, bid, testimony, communiqué, pronouncement, utterance, testimonial, deposition.Ex: The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.
Ex: The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.Ex: Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.Ex: Profiles may remain empty declarations of intent in a changing reality.Ex: Try to envisage explaining the significance of a bid of 'two clubs' in contract bridge to someone who has never seen a pack of playing cards.Ex: Sidney Ditzion's assessment of Ticknor as a man who 'loved and trusted the great majority of his fellow citizens' just will not stand the test when compared with the testimony of Ticknor's contemporaries.Ex: The official communiqué issued at the end of the meeting follows: 'The meeting deplores and is deeply shocked by the extensive damage to, and looting of, the cultural heritage of Iraq caused by the recent conflict' = El comunicado oficial emitido al final de la asamble dice: "La asamblea condena y se siente horrorizada por el enorme daño y el saqueo del patrimonio cultural de Irak ocasionado por el reciente conflicto".Ex: However I have pointed out what seem to me to be the more important of the relevant rules and I have tried to summarize their main pronouncements without misrepresentation, despite the unavoidable simplification.Ex: One natural strategy for reducing the impact of miscommunication is selective verification of the user utterance meanings.Ex: Testimonials from the participants showed that the workshops had economic, social and environmental benefits.Ex: The investigation revealed that he had made false statements under oath during sworn oral depositions in proceedings.* ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.* declaración bajo juramento = statement under oath.* declaración de conformidad = declaration of agreement.* declaración de culpabilidad = guilty plea.* Declaración de Derechos = Bill of Rights.* declaración de guerra = declaration of war.* declaración de insolvencia = bailout.* declaración de intenciones = policy statement, statement of objectives, mission statement, purpose statement, letter of intent, declaration of intent, vision statement.* declaración de la renta = tax return, income tax, income tax return, income tax statement.* Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.* declaración de objetivos = statement of objectives, purpose statement, mission statement, vision statement.* declaración de postura oficial = position paper.* declaración de prensa = press statement.* declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.* declaración de propiedad = claim.* declaración jurada = declaration form, form of declaration, deposition, sworn affidavit, affidavit.* declaración pública = public statement.* impreso de declaración de la renta = income tax form, tax form.* prestar declaración = give + evidence.* prestar declaración bajo juramento = testify + under oath.* * *A1 (afirmación) declarationuna declaración de amor a declaration of love2 (a la prensa, en público) statementel gobierno no ha emitido ninguna declaración al respecto the Government has issued no statement on the matterse negó a hacer declaraciones a la prensa she refused to talk to the press, she refused to make a statement to the press3 (proclamación) declarationla declaración universal de los derechos del hombre the universal declaration of human rightsCompuestos:bill of rightsdeclaration of wardeclaration of independencedeclaration of principlesdeclaration of bankruptcyB ( Der) statement, testimony(ante el juez): el policía me tomó declaración the policeman took my statementtuvo que prestar declaración como testigo he was called to give evidence o to testify o as a witnessCompuestos:customs declarationincome tax returnincome tax returnaffidavit, sworn statement* * *
declaración sustantivo femenino
1
2 (Der) statement, testimony;
prestar declaración como testigo to give evidence, to testify;
declaración del impuesto sobre la renta income tax return
declaración sustantivo femenino
1 declaration
una declaración de principios, a declaration of principles
(de la renta) tax declaration
US tax return
2 (comentario) comment: no quiso hacer declaraciones, he refused to comment
3 Jur statement
prestar declaración, to give evidence, testify
declaración jurada, sworn statement
' declaración' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abierta
- abierto
- baja
- bajo
- deducirse
- desautorizar
- encajar
- falsedad
- jurada I
- jurado
- maquillar
- prestar
- rectificar
- trampa
- universal
- afirmación
- alcance
- arrancar
- falso
- hacer
- indiscreción
- testimonio
English:
acknowledgement
- announcement
- blunt
- declaration
- evasion
- evidence
- expand on
- frame
- impromptu
- return
- statement
- support
- sworn
- take back
- take down
- tax return
- testimony
- withdraw
- withdrawal
- design
- pronouncement
- tax
- testify
* * *declaración nf1. [manifestación] [ante la autoridad] statement;prestar declaración to give evidence;tomar declaración (a) to take a statement (from)declaración de impacto ambiental environmental impact statement;declaración del impuesto sobre la renta income tax return;declaración jurada sworn statement;declaración del patrimonio = inventory of property, drawn up for tax purposes;declaración de la renta income tax return;2. [afirmación] declaration;han pedido la declaración de zona catastrófica para la región they've requested that the region be declared a disaster area;en sus declaraciones a la prensa, el ministro dijo que… in his statement to the press, the minister said that…;no hizo declaraciones a los medios de comunicación he didn't make any statement to the mediadeclaración de amor declaration of love;declaración de guerra declaration of war;declaración de independencia declaration of independence;declaración de intenciones statement of intent;declaración de principios statement of principles3. [documento] declarationdeclaración universal de los derechos humanos universal declaration of human rights4. [comienzo] [de incendio, epidemia] outbreak* * *fhacer una declaración make a statement;tomar declaración a alguien take a statement from s.o.2 JUR:prestar declaración testify, give evidence* * *declaración nf, pl - ciones1) : declaration, statement2) testimonio: deposition, testimony3)declaración de derechos : bill of rights4)declaración jurada : affidavit* * *1. (de guerra, amor) declaration2. (afirmación pública) statement / comment -
11 papier
papier [papje]1. masculine nouna. ( = matière) paper• morceau/bout de papier piece/bit of paper• de or en papier paper• sur le papier ( = théoriquement) on paper• un papier à signer/à remplir a form to be signed/filled inc. ( = emballage) paper2. compounds► papiers gras ( = ordures) litter* * *papje
1.
nom masculin1) ( matière) papersortie sur papier — Informatique hardcopy output
2) ( document) paperpapiers personnels — personal ou private papers
3) (colloq) ( article de journal) article, piece (colloq)
2.
papiers nom masculin pluriel Administration documents, paperspapiers d'identité — (identity) papers ou documents
Phrasal Verbs:••être dans les petits papiers de quelqu'un — (colloq) to be in somebody's good books
* * *papje1. nm1) (= matériau) paperdes avions en papier — paper planes, paper aeroplanes
sur le papier (= théoriquement) — on paper
2) (= feuille) sheet of paper, piece of paper3) PRESSE (= article) article4) (= écrit officiel) document2. papiers nmpl(papiers d'identité) papers, identity papersVos papiers, s'il vous plaît. — Your identity papers, please.
* * *A nm1 ( matière) paper; du papier blanc/de couleur white/colouredGB paper; bout/feuille/morceau de papier scrap/sheet/piece of paper; jeter or coucher des idées sur le papier to get ou put one's ideas down on paper; sortie sur papier Ordinat hardcopy output; pâte à papier pulp;2 ( document) paper; jeter de vieux papiers à la poubelle to throw out some old papers; classer/ranger des papiers to file/sort some papers; papiers personnels personal ou private papers;3 ○( article de journal) article, piece○.B papiers nmpl Admin documents, papers; papiers d'identité (identity) papers ou documents; avoir des papiers en règle to have one's papers in order.papier absorbant kitchen towel, paper towel US; papier (d')aluminium or papier alu○ (aluminium GB ou aluminum US) foil, kitchen foil; papier d'argent silver paper; papier d'Arménie incense paper; papier par avion airmail paper; papier bible India ou bible paper; papier brouillon rough paper GB, scrap paper; papier bulle unbleached paper; papier buvard blotting paper; papier cadeau gift wrap, wrapping paper; papier canson® drawing paper; papier carbone carbon paper; papier chiffon rag paper; papier à cigarettes cigarette paper; fin comme du papier à cigarettes [tarte, tranche] wafer-thin; papier collant adhesive tape; papier court Fin short exchange; papier crépon crepe paper; papier à dessin drawing paper; papier d'emballage wrapping paper; papier à en-tête headed notepaper; papier glacé glossy ou shiny paper; papier goudronné tar paper; papier hygiénique toilet paper ou tissue; papier Japon Japanese paper; papier journal newsprint; papier kraft Manila paper; papier à lettres writing paper, notepaper; papier libre plain paper; papier mâché papier-mâché; papier machine typing paper; papier millimétré graph paper; papier ministre foolscap paper; papier à musique music paper; être réglé comme du papier à musique [vie] to be highly regimented; papier offset offset paper; papier paraffiné wax paper; papier peint wallpaper; papier pelure onionskin (paper); papier pH litmus paper; papier photographique photographic paper; papier de riz rice paper; papier de soie tissue paper; papier timbré stamped paper; papier toilette = papier hygiénique; papier sulfurisé greaseproof paper; papier tournesol litmus paper; papier tue-mouche flypaper; papier vélin vellum paper; papier vergé laid paper; papier de verre sandpaper, glasspaper; papiers gras litter ¢.être dans les petits papiers de qn to be in sb's good books; avoir une mine de papier mâché to be pasty faced, to have a pasty complexion.[papje] nom masculin1. [matériau] papersur le papier, le projet paraît réalisable on paper, the project seems feasiblepapier bible bible paper, Oxford India papera. [adhésif] adhesive tapeb. [gommé] gummed paper ou strippapier à en-tête headed paper ou notepaperpapier journal newspaper, newsprintsur papier libre: le contrat a étérédigé sur papier libre the contract was drawn up on a sheet of plain paperpapier ministre document ou official paperpapier en rouleau web ou reel paper2. [morceau] piece of paperfaire un papier sur to do a piece ou an article onles papiers du véhicule, s'il vous plaît may I see your logbook (UK) ou (vehicle) registration papers, please?faux papiers false ou forged papers5. BANQUEpapier financier ou de crédit bank credit note————————de papier locution adjectivale,en papier locution adjectivalepaper (modificateur)————————papiers gras nom masculin pluriel -
12 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW
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